Application services differ from network services in several key ways, including • Network services provide generic transport mechanisms useable by any application. • Application services provide specific transport services optimized for a specific application or purpose. • Network services run on top of IP, which abstracts different kinds of physical transport. • Application services run […]
There are two common ways to format data in a computer network: the fixed-length field and type-length-value. The following sections consider each of these. Fixed-Length Fields How should a host interpret the bits shown in Figure 15-1? Figure 15-1 A Series of Bits Received What the host needs is • Context describing what these bits […]
Figure 14-6 illustrates one reason IPv6’s designers wanted to eliminate NAT. Figure 14-6 Embedded IP Addresses Before and After NAT Some applications embed the source and destination addresses within the data portion of the packet. If the source and destination addresses are translated, the addresses in the header and the data portion of the packet […]
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented transport protocol. Connection-oriented protocols are useful for • Transmitting large amounts of data, such as large files. • Transmitting continuing streams where losing information cannot be tolerated, such as stock market information. For instance, TCP is used for carrying emails and websites because these kinds of data […]
Web applications and IXPs require large-scale networks to connect thousands—or even millions—of devices. Public and private clouds also need to build these large-scale networks to connect large numbers of servers. Note Chapter 17, “Cloud Computing, ” covers public and private clouds. These operators do not use traditional network designs to connect large numbers of servers […]
